For boys to become men they must endure the bit of the bullet ant. \hline & & & & & \\ A kind of religion. Customs and institutions were integrated and interrelated: change affects all aspects. Placed a premium on hard work and profit. Such rituals may be periodic, as those mentioned above, or may be performed for special occasions. Terms in this set (210) anthropology. Impersonal, sacred force, so named in Melanesia (anyone had it) and Polynesia (chiefs had it). Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. It can subsume or supplant a 'primal' religion Anthropological theories of religion are diverse. \text{Fixed costs:}\\ Are revitalization movements. List three characteristics of World religions 1. Choose from 1,435 different sets of anthropology religion flashcards on Quizlet. Cargo cult. +Theory of binary oppositions (biological basis) Learn anthropology religion with free interactive flashcards. Our faculty seek to understand what faith is and why faith persists, when mysticism emerges in complex societies, and how to understand claims which do not on the surface appear to be religious but are treated as central to religious identity. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Functionalists see them? Pilgrimage for example, is when a religious community comes together because they went through something together. Thought religion came from people trying to understand conditions and events the could not explain. Needs to be accepted on faith. As the patient begins to accept the mythic world of the healer and believes an existential shift occurs which allows the patient to change and find new avenues for adaptation. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making. Based on written scriptures It can be tapped into by humans through ritual and experience. They can be seen in many forms of animal life, from ants to humans. During the liminal state, which can last from a few hours to days or weeks, the youth are separated from the rest of the society and undergo a process whereby they are supposed to let go of their previous state of mind and prepare for their new identity as adults. Jane considers herself to be a rather conservative investor. Some of the sand is given to spectators, who see it as sacred and may keep it on their home altars, while the remaining sand is poured into a flowing body of water. Thus crossing oneself in a Catholic Mass would be a ritualized behavior but shaking hands would not. Identifies Shamanic, communal, Olympian and monotheistic religions. (hunting vs. working the crops.) Day of treatment: no smoking or drinking, eat well, drink only filtered water, bath in rock-salt or white rose petals, bring a white rose with you, List three reasons why women have been described as a "muted group" in anthropological studies, 1. It is universal, or has universal potential 4. Serve an emotional need. Can't be killed according to the Ahimsa. Puberty rituals are typical of rites of passage and are an important part of many cultures process of adult identity formation. Used to describe religion. 3. A marriage ceremony actually changes the participants spiritually, as well as legally and socially. physical anthropology. Examples include daily meditation, prayers before meals, Sunday mass, or full moon services. All systems of symbolic healing are based on a model of experiential reality which he refers to as its "mythical world" Use = 5 .05 to test for any significant differences. It is a betwixt and between state in which bonds are made with people who you may not have ordinarily made friends with. Englishman 1871-1958. The more indigenous and traditional a religion, the more its rituals are presentational. Every ritual has a beneficiary, someone or something for which the ritual is undertaken. Earliest form of religion, belief in spiritual beings. + Universal structures of human thought and social life Dung is a basic cooking fuel. Thus, ritual may involve DOING some behavior but it might also involve NOT DOING some behavior (as in the case of ritual "taboos.". Sequences of words and actions invented prior to the current performance of the ritual in which they occur. An example of this is a Christians vow of abstinence during Lent along with the performance of specific daily prayers, or a Hindus vow to fast on Tuesdays and make specific offerings at a Hanuman temple. Example: Born again Christians, Islam jama- Jihad, Judaist Haredi. What is its labor rate variance for the period? The body of a particular child who is 4 feet tall and weighs $50 \mathrm{lb}$ has surface area $1,365 \mathrm{in}^2$. Religions/Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Religions/Anthropology Term 1 / 86 What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? & 4 & 20 & 18 & 18 \\ **Requirements** an approach to anthropology studying human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes, the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains, the study of contemporary human societies, the technique of study involving living within the community and participating to a degree in the lives of the people under study, while at the same time making objective observations, characteristics that are found in all human societies, discussing groups in the present tense as they were first described by ethnographers, a geographical area in which societies tend to share many cultural traits, peoples who plow, fertilize, and irrigate their crops, peoples who garden in the absence of fertilization, irrigation, and other advanced technologies, peoples without any form of plant or animal domestication, peoples whose primary livelihood comes from the herding of domesticated animals, a technique used to reveal things that are difficult or impossible to discover by other means, attempting to see the world through the eyes of the people being studied, using one's own society as the basis for interpreting and judging other societies, attempting to describe and understand people's customs and ideas without judging them, a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society, shared understandings about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects, such as the color red symbolizing *stop* in traffic signals, a definition in which one defines terms so that they are observable and measurable and therefore can be studied, a definition that focuses on the way a topic manifests itself or is expressed in a culture, a definition that focuses on what a topic does either socially or psychologically, a definition that looks at what is the essential nature of a topic, referring to things that are "above the natural", denotes an attitude wherein the subject is entitled to reverence and respect, a belief in spirit beings (gods, souls, ghosts, demons, etc. \text { Blocks } & 3 & 18 & 15 & 14 \\ &\begin{array}{rrrrr} T/F: All societies have a word that translates roughly as "religion." 3. Indigenous cultures often have shamans who perform rituals as well. Liminality is anti- structural. - The belief in a single abstract force, not anthropomorphized , which runs through all of the world. Answer: Sociology and Anthropology are social science disciplines that focus on studying the behavior of humans within their societies. When the double leaves the body the person dies. It is designed to help you learn the material. On the empirical level, they facilitate individual identity formation while validating and reaffirming the beliefs, values, and social cohesion and stability of the community. Which of the following is not an example of the "practical" uses to which religion is sometimes put? T/F: Many anthropologists have argued that there is a relationship between the emergence of monotheism and the increasing social and political complexity of certain pre-historic societies. "Aluna" is a parallel ethereal realm which mirrors the physical world -> exchanges are made in order to maintain fertility and cycles of existence, - concept of "communitas" to describe the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness Who is the scholar most associated with this approach to the study of myth, The central characters of myths tend to include heroes and tricksters. Rituals of ablution, prayer, meditation, offerings at a home altar, and so on are typically undertaken by lay persons as a part of the daily enactment of their religious beliefs. -> rules and values serve a function of controlling behavior. Christianity originated as a ____ ____, Jesus was one of several prophets. Proposed religion evolved from animism-polytheism-monotheism. The former has emblematic value, while the latter presents or shares in the essence of that which is symbolized. For example, the college experience is a big liminal state that encourages communitas. On a very basic level, rituals are an inherent part of living. +social control -> controlling bodies= the ultimate outward sign of complete conformity to authority (posture, behavior, no privacy), - The body is a model which can stand for any bounded system. Our courses and research also address the questions of discipline, virtue, and emotion. Clifford James Geertz (/ r t s / (); August 23, 1926 - October 30, 2006) was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology and who was considered "for three decades. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Emotionalists see them? The following output summarizes the results of an analysis of variance experiment in which the treatments were three different hybrid cars and the variable measured was the miles per gallon (mpg) obtained while driving the same route. Some cultures tend to be outer orientated (outside the domestic sphere) , while others were inner oriented (inside the domestic sphere).
Gauntlet Gray Coordinating Colors, Articles R